Foregrounding as the process of word formation.

Foregrounding is a technique within literary works whereby authors creates ‘defamiliarization’ through linguistic dislocation that draws readers’ attention to the strangeness of the word or context (in a literary work). The term defamiliarization here refers to creation of something with which people aren’t actually familiar with; something that doesn’t falls in the age old followed pattern and methodology of the literary writing. It is an act of making something stand out of the usual surrounding of words and convey a distinctively separate meaning. Foregrounding functions in correlation to the background and clarifies the background meaning and thus the whole context. However in terms to the literary works things somewhat gets symbolic; by symbolic it is meant that they turn more figurative than precise, exact and direct. Their meanings are to be understood in reference to the context they are written, i.e. to be interpreted in the organic unity of the entire literary text.
This process which helps understand the meaning of the literary works (especially poetry)  is called ‘foregrounding’, where some pieces of information are prioritised more than the other one. The information prioritised are called the ‘foregrounded’, whose meanings stand out and are remembered; and the ones that have their meaning hidden behind the foregrounded and meaning merged into the general scene are ‘backgrounded’ information; as for instance in the poetry where there are foregrounded meanings of the text given/written.  The foregrounded text provides logical connection betwixt what comes afore and later. These foregrounded words however are sneaking tremendously into the day-to-day used language. Foregrounding doesn’t solely functions on its own, rather uses some devices to perform its functioning, which are:

Parallelism: - Parallel constructions are the ones wherein one structure seems equivalent or parallel to one another but the meaning of the two structures are rather belied. It is the manifestation of antithesis, consisting of phrases or sentences of similar construction and meaning placed alongside to balance each other. There are two major ways of parallelism:
   Grammatical Parallelism: - It is done by placing the words with similar or rather same number of syllables or structure together in coordination. The grammatical parallelism may procure both, the similar or the contradictory meaning of the alongside used words. The basic structural construct is based on the use of rhyme like cold, behold or gratitude, servitude etc or words repetition like Kills, kills or parallels in rhythm or parallels in grammatical structure etc.
   Phonological Parallelism: - This foregrounding creates a parallel structure phonologically. The foregrounding via this comprises of phonologically similar structures side by side creating foregrounding in multiple ways such as via use of alliteration, internal rhyme, meter and other forms of rhythmic pattern along with vowel sounds with or without rhyme e and the use of back and front vowels helps creation of phonological parallelism. They are built on the potential of a language and consequent in greater regularity in the language patterning compared to normal one in the flow of ordinary speech hence drawing our greater attention. Examples: →We’re the hollow men (The Hollow Men: T.S. Eliot)
The word hollow, instead of being used literally, has been used symbolically and is representative of the lack of feelings within those men for some reason.
→Tyger Tyger, burning bright,
In the forest of the night; (The Tyger: William Blake)
The word tiger is written differently to grab attention of the word along with the rhyme alliteration is used to balance one line with the other.

Deviation: - As the name itself suggests, this foregrounding is the deviation from the normal set of rules and orthodox methods of literary writing substituted with that of the newly devised, unique and different methodology. They are the unexpected irregularity in the literary work. Literary texts written via deviation evolve to develop a new and broader prospective of not just fathoming but presenting the ideas and thoughts via literary works.
Examples: →Wou’d you your writings to some Palate fit (Alexander Pope: Couplet on Wit)
The way of sentence construction is indicative of something amiss after the word ‘you’ which if simply put suggests a simple question ‘would you let your writings to fit in a palate?’
→Some few in that (Alexander Pope: An Essay on Criticism
The word ‘few’ regardless being a quantitative adjective has been used as verb to highlight the fact of some people’s skill in deceit and misleading.
       Thus conclusively foregrounding is hence the presentation and portrayal of ideas and thoughts in a distinctively unique, different and unorthodox ways and patterns of literary writings.

Cheif characteristics of Human Language which are absent in animals.

Human growth and evolution greatly surpasses that of entire animal kingdom in numerous ways. Unlike the animals they possess an entire linguistic framework that forms their communication whether it is oral or written. This linguistic growth and development thus facilitates them to have broader and better communicative skill than the other living creatures which is unquestionably result of the massive intellect and knowledge they possess through their greatly developed mind. There are thus numerous attributes that are available in the human communication but almost entirely absent in the animal communication.

Phonemes/ Duality of Sound: The animal community lacks the duality of articulation of speech sounds which is a prominent attribute of humanly articulation. Double articulation means the basic sounds enabling the word formation and hence the communication. Most of the animals use these basic sounds probably just once whereas the humans in their every language possess 30-40 sounds such as a… p… t… k… etc which in their crude form are useless and are thus later combined to form a meaningful word or the sentence and thus creating a duality or double articulation.

Word Formation: Animal language doesn’t have any formation of new words and rather doesn’t even use words for their communication; they just have a single sound pattern that they use in various tones or pitches to convey different feelings or desires. Humans on the other hand are full of words and phrases and sentences to convey their feelings and emotions and thus can express themselves more easily and conveniently than animals owing to the complete absence of word formation ability of the animals in their entire kingdom.

Whimsicality:  The animal system of communication lacks whimsicality owing to the fact that not just they have a limited manner or mode of communication and the limited availability of the sound that they produce; humans on the other hand have an whimsical articulation of the speech sounds and the sounds used for referring to certain objects have in reality no any direct link with the said sound and are rather a humanly objectified things or commodities or reference which may even be shifted to something entirely differently else on their will. This attribute is absent in the animal communication and they have no any whimsical articulation of sound, rather certain limited sounds (depending upon the species) used for some limited purposes.

Patterning: Patterning refers to the formation of words or sentences based on certain rules and guidelines and since the animals entirely lack the phonetics and the ability to create new words, the patterning is yet another thing absent in the animal kingdom.

Displacement: It refers to the phenomenon of expressing via language the absent things in the very same way as one would do the things present before him. Simply put, it represents the idea or view expressed by humans about various things or experienced gain by them differently at different times and places and expressing them in such a manner that the listener may not just understand  it but also frame a mental picture of that thought or ideas as if it’s their own experience. This however is not possible with the animals who can't really communicate  their past experiences or feelings and emotions until they come forth in the present again and that too not as the humans. They just can react the very same way as previously done by listening to some specific words or sounds in the present time acting as a form of stimulus to trigger the feelings of the past experiences as conveniently as humans.

Creativity: Human beings owing to their linguistic ability also possess language creativity which is almost absent in the animals. Although animals do produce some varied kind of sounds which may seem creative for an instance but actually are just the variation of same sound they articulate unlike the humans who are not just creative in articulating different kinds o f sounds but also creating different kinds of words and phrases even those that never ever existed; this’ the reason they’re able to name the sounds produced by different animals or other living species.

Indianization of English & the devices used in the process of Indianization.

Intro:- English has never been the native language of India. Regardless it's cumulative usage across the country almost supersedes eighty million people and that too in a country with nineteen other national languages along with numerous dialects are spoken across the country. The root of English in India can be traced back to 1600AD dated 31st December when few English merchants were granted charter by Queen Elizabeth I for a monopolistic trade with India and East; since the purpose at first was solely trade so mere influx of some English & Indian words across both languages for trading communication. But gradually with annexation of Indian princely states it became language of education in India in 1835 and was made the official language of then govt. in 1837 thus marking the ratification of English in India.
Indianization of English is the process through which the form of English is changed, altered or rather modified with the view to make it more conveniently acceptable and useable for Indian speakers or users. This process involves not just change in any of the communicative form of English rather both the communicative forms viz. oral and written. The oral change involves primarily the change in the way of pronunciation i.e. accent of the said language which in India, since it is a country of diversified language, related to the accent of the regional or state vise (native) language used by the Indian English speakers. Along with, the change also involves use of pidgins at times to enable a convenient means of communication. The varied changes in the language i.e. English since involves prominently the oral changes thus makes it a more complex task than it may seem and hence involves use of some instruments or devices of change to make it more apt and valid, which are as under:

Language of the country :- The major device or tools in Indianization of English are the major language of India viz. Hindi &Urdu which adds up many words of in English language; so are the words of some other languages giving their minor contribution to the language. For instance words like Satyagrah, Dhoti, Pundit, Bandh, Dharna etc are now the part of English language.

Translation:-Translation is the establishment of similar equality or equivalent words of one language into the other one so as to form a language or linguistic correlation amongst them. For instance the words like, god-love, salt-spoiler have been translated into their equivalents as iswar prem and namak-haram respectively.

Shift/ Borrowing :- The Indianisation of English via shift encompasses following aspects, the shifting words may deviate grammatically from American and British words formation, they may involve loan shifts from Indian language and they as well may have some phrases used in English which actually are solely part of Indian Cultural Context.

Impact of the socio cultural norms :-The Indianization of English differs largely form the native English and differ in the choices of words, imagery, nuances of meaning and the communication strategy of the words weather oral or verbal and very clearly posses English flavour.

Psychology/ Reduction of Incongruence or Misfit :- The use of Indian English on day-to-day basis consequently led to a simplified understanding of the context hence making language easier, simpler and easily adaptable and highly effective to catch attention.